'Normal' skin is characterized by small pores, a fine texture, an even tone, and a supple, smooth surface with few to no blemishes. However, deviations from these characteristics are not ‘abnormal’; in fact, this skin type is more the exception than the rule. Those fortunate enough to have skin that naturally fits this description should still take care to maintain its balance. This can be achieved with gentle yet effective formulations that cleanse, tone, and hydrate, complemented by twice-weekly exfoliation and deep cleansing, as well as nourishing treatments as needed.

‘Dry skin’ is not necessarily characterised by a lack ofmoisture, but rather by an insufficient production ofsebum. Sebum, a viscous and oily substance, is generated by the sebaceous glands situated in the middle layers of the skin, close to hair follicles. Playing a crucial role, sebum aids in moisturizing and safeguarding the skin, comprising various types of lipid molecules.

These traits arise from the excessive production of sebum, a greasy substance that functions to shield, waterproof, and lubricate the skin. Increased sebum production can stem from various factors, both internal and external. These factors include genetics, hormonal fluctuations like those during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, as well as those induced by stress or the menstrual cycle. Environmental conditions also contribute: hot, humid climates, for example, tend to heighten sebum production, while artificial heating and cooling can dehydrate the skin, prompting increased sebum production in an effort to retain moisture.

Genetics significantly influence the characteristics and behavior of our skin, and combination skin is no exception. This skin type is also more prone to reactivity, rosacea, and breakouts, being particularly sensitive to hormonal and climatic changes. Combination skin is often linked to irritation or sensitivity, as increased sebum production—which manifests as oiliness—can cause congestion and aggravation. Therefore, formulations that purify, decongest, and soothe can be especially effective in balancing this skin type.

Sensitive skin is normally characterized by lower hydration levels, reduced suppleness, and more visible veins and broken capillaries. Dermatologists often highlight skin bumps or roughness, but sensitivity can also present as dry or itchy patches, rashes, flushed skin, and blemishes. Based on medical journals, people with sensitive skin tend to have a thinner stratum corneum (the outermost skin layer) with a significantly decreased corneocyte (skin cell) area. This results in a compromised skin barrier function, which can lead to increased irritation and reactivity.

As individuals age, mature skin may experience a decline in elasticity and firmness, accompanied by reduced sebum production. Consequently, this can result in increased dryness, the formation of fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots. When selecting skincare products tailored for mature skin, consider ingredients that address dryness, repair the skin barrier, and minimize water loss.